With the development of the global economy, the demand for energy is growing, and new mines and oil production platforms are added every year, creating a lot of fire risks. Over the past decades, prominent fire accidents such as the 1988 Piper Alpha North Sea fire accident killed 165 people, and 11 people in 2010. Due to the fire casualties make countries in the process of fire safety protection more attention, so the global researchers developed various test methods of different types of fire protection materials and fire resistance performance test, by judging the fire resistance performance rating to ensure that the fire resistance performance of excellent materials and components to apply.
1. Existing fire resistance test methods abroad
The method of fire resistance test needs to be determined according to the scene of fire occurrence. Different from the fire scenes, the test methods of fire resistance are also different. The interior space of civil buildings is relatively closed, and once the fire occurs, the ventilation in the fire site is limited. Therefore, the fire resistance test of building components is suitable for the fire resistance test furnace with a small number of openings. The standard test method is ISO 834-1999 Fire resistance tests-Elements of building construction. In the process of oil exploitation and transportation, oil and gas leakage caused by aging equipment or non-standard personnel operation will form a huge eruptive fire source. This kind of fire generally occurs in the open air environment, and has high speed air flow during eruption. Therefore, the fire resistance of petrochemical site components is suitable for evaluation by spray fire resistance test. The typical test method is ISO 22899-1:2021 in Determination of the resistance to jet fires of passive fire protection materials.
2. Existing existing specifications and test methods
2.1. Fire resistance design specifications of the existing petrochemical site components in China
GB 50016-2014 Article 12.1.3 of the Code for Fire Prevention for Building Design stipulates that the fire resistance limit of the first and second-class tunnel load-bearing structures is 2 h and 1.5 h respectively under the RABT heating curve test, and the fire resistance limit of the third-class tunnel load-bearing structures is 2 h under the standard fire test of GB / T 9978.1-2008. GB 50160- -2008 "Design Fire Prevention Standard of Petrochemical Enterprises" stipulates that the component fire resistance limit of buildings shall comply with the relevant provisions of the current national standard GB 50016-2014. It can be seen that because China has not yet formulated the test standard based on the spray fire resistance test method, the design specifications of tunnels and petrochemical sites in China can only rate the fire resistance test pieces according to the fire resistance test method in the fire resistance test furnace.
2.2. Existing domestic testing methods for fire-resistant components
At present, the widely used test methods in China are GB / T 9978-2008 "Fire Resistance Test Method for Building components" and GA 714-2007 "Fire resistance test method for rapid heating of fire protection materials for components". GB / T 9978-2008 modified ISO 834-1999 Fire resistance tests-Elements of building construction, which specifies the test method for fire resistance of various structural components under standard fire test conditions. The main body of the device is a test furnace capable of accommodating full-size specimens, which heats the furnace evenly by natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas. As shown in FIG. 1, one or more sides are heated and compressed according to different specimen types.
Figure 1. Combustion test furnace
3. Test method for jet fire resistance
The jet fire resistance test tests the ability of the specimen to maintain its insulation in a fully open flame cycle test chamber. ISO 22899-1:2021 stipulates that the flame nozzle quickly releases the gas into the combustion chamber at a rate of 0.3 kg / s, producing a tail extension of the fireball to produce a huge heat flux. Propane was used as fuel to quickly release combustion gas from 1 m from the surface of the sample and carry out fire resistance test. The spray fire resistance test method described in ISO 22899-1:2021 will not only investigate the fire resistance of the refractory member, but also investigate the ability of the member to withstand the physical impact of the gas during the heating process. Therefore, this test method is closer to the fire scene in the petrochemical area due to oil and gas leakage and other reasons.
4. Test method for jet fire resistance
4.1 Establishment of the gas supply system
According to the requirements of ISO 22899-1:2021, the nozzle shall inject the propane gas into the combustion chamber at 0.3 kg / s. Because the speed of natural propane gasification is difficult to meet the requirements of the test, this paper considers heating the liquid propane by the water bath vaporizer, and adjusting the propane injection speed by multistage pressure reduction, to meet the requirements of gas supply.
Figure 2. Water bath vaporizer
4.2. Establishment of the circulating combustion laboratory
The internal size of the circulating combustion laboratory is 1500 mm 1500 mm 1500 mm. The rear of the circulation chamber is connected by flange, secured by bolts and connected to the protective chamber on the back by bolts and fixtures. The protective chamber is located on the front and back of the circulation chamber with an area consistent with the circulation chamber. Because the flame is ejected to the surface of the circulation chamber, thus forming a fireball tumbling combustion, similar to a circulating fire, so it is called a cyclic combustion laboratory.
Figure 3 Cycle combustion laboratory
4.3 Establishment of spray fire resistance test device
According to ISO 22899-1:2008, cone polymerized nozzle shall be (200 ± 1) mm long, inlet diameter (52 ± 0.5) mm, outlet diameter (17.8 ± 0.2) mm, the nozzle shall be made of heat resistant stainless steel. The finished test device can spray 0~0.4 kg / s propane gas as required.
Fig. 4 Size diagram of conical aggregate nozzle
Figure 5. Spray fire resistance test device
5. The significance of establishing the jet fire resistance test platform
The existing fire test methods in China all take the vertical or horizontal combustion test furnace as the test platform, and the fire test pieces are tested by controlling the temperature and pressure in the furnace. This kind of test method is to evaluate the specimen performance in the restricted space to test the time to maintain its carrying capacity and thermal insulation in the high temperature. Because the existing domestic test methods are very different from the petrochemical fire condition in ventilation environment and fire mode, this kind of test method is more suitable for civil building fire.
The test method represented by ISO 22899-1:2008 is the component fire resistance test method developed based on the fire of the offshore oil platform, and is suitable for the land petrochemical storage tank area and the traffic tunnel. By the establishment of spray fire resistance test platform represented by ISO 22899-1:2008, it can better simulate the fire of offshore oil platform, land class A and B dangerous goods storage tank area, traffic tunnel and other areas, and can more accurately evaluate the fire resistance of refractory components and refractory materials in petrochemical fire. Through the establishment of the test platform, the preparation for the jet fire resistance in the future. The establishment of jet fire resistance test method will improve the deficiency of the test method of refractory components in China, and guide the production and application of refractory materials as a new refractory performance evaluation system.
6, conclusion
On the basis of ISO 22899-1:2008, the following conclusions are obtained from the analysis of the refractory test methods in petrochemical sites:
(1) It is difficult to evaluate the petrochemical fire by the test method represented by GB / T 9978-2008, so the spray fire resistance test method represented by ISO 22899-1:2008 shall be established;
(2) Due to the lack of spray fire resistance test methods, the design specifications of petrochemical sites and tunnels in China can only refer to the existing test methods;
(3) The establishment of the spray fire-resistant test platform can more accurately evaluate the fire resistance of fire-resistant components and refractory materials in petrochemical fires;
(4) ISO 22899- -1:2008 The test method will be used as a new refractory performance evaluation system to guide the production and application of refractory materials.
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